Estimasi Elastisitas Pendapatan pada Komoditas Energi di Indonesia
-
Esa Azali Asyahid
*
Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta,
Indonesia
Abstract
This study aims to estimate the income elasticity of household electricity demand in Indonesia. Household sector represents the largest electricity user and the main recipient of energy subsidies in the country. The study employs micro panel data from the fourth and fifth waves of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS), covering more than 27,000 households. The analysis is conducted using a panel regression model with the fixed-effects method to control for unobserved individual heterogeneity. The main variables used include monthly electricity expenditure as a proxy for energy consumption and total household expenditure as a proxy for income. The estimation results indicate that the income elasticity of household electricity consumption is 0.63 and statistically significant, suggesting that electricity is a normal good as well as a basic necessity. Further analysis reveals that income elasticity in urban areas is slightly higher than in rural areas. Moreover, the higher the household’s economic status, the lower its income elasticity, ranging from 1.05 in the lowest income quartile to 0.44 in the highest quartile.
References
Arnaz, M. (2018). The Aggregate and Residential Electricity Demand in Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 26, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.14203/JEP.26.1.2018.1-20
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2024). Statistik Listrik 2019-2023 (No. Volume 13).
Belaid, F., Boukrami, E., & Amine, R. (2021). Renewable Energy in the MENA Region: Key Challenges and Lessons Learned. In S. Goutte, K. Guesmi, R. H. Boroumand, & T. Porcher (Eds.), Advances in Managing Energy and Climate Risks (pp. 1–22). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71403-1_1
Cahyani, A. D., Nachrowi, N. D., Hartono, D., & Widyawati, D. (2022). Between insufficiency and efficiency: Unraveling households’ electricity usage characteristics of urban and rural Indonesia. Energy for Sustainable Development, 69, 103–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2022.06.005
Carrasco-Gutierrez, C. E., & Ehrl, P. (2023). Regional Estimates of Residential Electricity Demand in Brazil. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 13(1), 465–476. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.13837
Franco, G., P. E. De Souza, C., & Garcia, N. L. (2023). Aggregated functional data model applied on clustering and disaggregation of UK electrical load profiles. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C: Applied Statistics, 72(1), 48–75. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrsssc/qlac006
Inoue, N., Matsumoto, S., & Mayumi, K. (2022). Household energy consumption pattern changes in an aging society: The case of Japan between 1989 and 2014 in retrospect. International Journal of Economic Policy Studies, 16(1), 67–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42495-021-00069-y
Jia, J.-J., & Xu, J.-H. (2021). Estimating residential electricity demand’s response to price policy and income dynamics in China. Energy Efficiency, 14(7), 65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-021-09974-9
Kartika, M., & Hidayati, N. A. (2024). Electrical Demand Analysis on Households and Industry in Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Terapan, 9(1), 79–90. https://doi.org/10.20473/jiet.v9i1.53553
Kementerian ESDM. (2024). Statistik Ketenagalistrikan 2023 (No. Edisi no. 37).
Kostakis, I. (2020). Socio-demographic determinants of household electricity consumption: Evidence from Greece using quantile regression analysis. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, 1, 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crsust.2020.04.001
Kusumaningrum, S. N. (2018). The Sensitivity of Residential Electricity Demand in Indonesia. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 7(2), 247–266. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v7i2.6048
Martins, L. O. S., Amorim, I. R. D., Mendes, V. D. A., Silva, M. S., Mendonça Freires, F. G., & Torres, E. A. (2024). Price and income elasticities of industrial electricity demand in Brazil: Estimates and implications of COVID-19. International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 18(4), 707–724. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJESM-03-2022-0007
Mubiinzi, G., Senyonga, L., Kaawaase, T. K., Wasswa, F., Adaramola, M. S., & Nantongo, M. (2024). Income and price elasticities of household electricity demand: A comparative systematic review of aggregated and disaggregated data studies. Energy Reports, 12, 4449–4465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2024.10.021
Nainggolan, J. (2022). Estimation of The Price and Income Elasticities of Residential Electricity Demand in Indonesia Using Household-Level Data. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan, 30(2), 131–148. https://doi.org/10.14203/JEP.30.2.2022.131-148
Othman, N. S., & Hariri, N. H. M. (2021). Estimating The Causality And Elasticities Of Residential Electricity Consumption For Malaysia. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 11(6), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11727
Rasyid, M., & Kristina, A. (2021). Estimation Of Demand System For Household Energy Consumption: Empirical Evidence From Indonesia. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 11(6), 289–295. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11714
Soraya, N., & Afiatno, B. E. (2021). Elastisitas Harga dan Elastisitas Pendapatan Permintaan Energi Listrik pada Rumah Tangga di Indonesia. Jurnal Sains Sosio Humaniora, 5(2), 1046–1060. https://doi.org/10.22437/jssh.v5i2.16483
Zhou, S., & Teng, F. (2013). Estimation of urban residential electricity demand in China using household survey data. Energy Policy, 61, 394–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.06.092
Copyright (c) 2025 Esa Azali Asyahid
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (Refer to The Effect of Open Access).
